伞险深度指南：承保机制、自留额、除外与限额选择

邻居诉你诽谤，HO-3 不保 personal injury——若 umbrella 有 PI + drop-down，伞险可能赔（先自付 SIR $250–$500）。

车祸对方索赔 $800K，auto $500K 用尽——umbrella excess 赔 $300K（无 SIR，standard excess）。

部分便宜 umbrella 是 follow-form excess only——无 drop-down，PI 仍无保障。买前读 dec page。

PI 诽谤案 settlement $50K——SIR $500 你自付，umbrella 赔 $49,500（在 limit 内）。

Auto BI excess $200K over $500K auto limit——通常无 SIR，umbrella 直接赔 $200K。

Keep $500 cash reserve for SIR scenarios；别因为 SIR 小而忽略 PI 风险。

HO-3 Coverage E 不保你在 Nextdoor 上骂邻居「骗子」被诉——personal injury 走 umbrella drop-down + SIR。

Landlord 背景调查时不当披露 tenant 信息 → privacy invasion claim — PI coverage critical。

加 HO 04 71 Personal Injury on homeowners OR buy umbrella with PI — umbrella often cheaper bundle。

买了 $2M umbrella 但没 schedule 第 2 套 rental——tenant slip-and-fall $400K 可能只在 DP $300K 停，umbrella 拒赔 unscheduled location。

Fix：endorse umbrella with rental address schedule；underlying DP $300K min per location typical。

Auto 只有 state min 25/50——umbrella requires 250/500/100 usually。Gap：不满足 minimum → umbrella may not attach at claim。

Excess UM：对方无保，你的 injuries $200K，auto UM $100K——umbrella excess UM 赔 remaining（if purchased）。

Annual review：HO/DP/auto dec pages + umbrella underlying schedule aligned。

案例 1 math：HO $300K + umbrella $500K = $800K covered；若无 umbrella，自掏 $500K 可能破产。

案例 2：Stacked BI limits — verify per-person vs per-accident auto limits before relying on umbrella。

$1M umbrella ~$300/yr with clean record — cheapest liability dollar in personal lines。

在家 Etsy 副业客户上门滑倒——可能触发 business exclusion。Uber 接单用 personal auto + umbrella — commercial exclusion。

医生看诊 malpractice — need medical malpractice, not personal umbrella。

Drone 拍婚礼收费 — commercial use excluded。

Rule of thumb：umbrella limit ≥ net worth excluding retirement (state-dependent exempt assets)。$2M net + teen driver + pool → $2M umbrella minimum。

Premium curve：$1M $300/yr → $2M +$150 → $5M +$400 total often — marginal cost drops per million。

不该省：有 rental + auto + pool 仍只买 $1M。

Switch auto to new carrier mid-term — notify umbrella carrier with new dec page within 30 days。

Let DP lapse on rental — umbrella may continue but drop-down with SIR only on that exposure — dangerous gap。

Bundle vs standalone umbrella：bundled easier compliance；standalone (RLI, USLI) allows multi-carrier underlying if minimums met。